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Learning Darijaالدارجة

28 letters, four shapes each

Moroccan Arabic, from English

Every explanation on this site is written for an English speaker: what your language hands you for free, and what it will cost you.

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The Arabic never moves. The explanation changes with your language.

Most Arabic courses were written for one reader, then translated for everyone else. This one is written three times: for English, Spanish and French speakers. Try it on the card: switch language and the note changes.

ر

Five of the twenty-eight letters and of the first topics. The whole course works like this.

Three ways in, in order

  1. 01 ب

    The script

    Twenty-eight letters, four shapes each. The wall that stops everyone, and it takes weeks to climb.

    Lesson 1 is open
  2. 02 دَ

    Darija

    The one people actually speak: health, social services, neighbours. The house specialty.

    Lesson 1: greetings
  3. 03 فُ

    Fuṣḥā

    Newspapers, books, the news, the Qur'an. Read everywhere, spoken on the street nowhere.

    In preparation

28 letters, four shapes each

Turn a card over. The back tells you what that letter costs an English speaker, with a Darija word that uses it.

  • [ʾalif]01اa
    You have it

    Mostly a long a. It also carries a vowel at the start of a word, where it has no sound of its own.

    مَاشِيmashi — not, no

  • [bāʾ]02بb
    You have it

    Your b. Nothing to fix.

    بَابْbab — door

  • [tāʾ]03تt
    Watch out

    Your t comes with a puff of air, and the tongue sits behind the teeth. Arabic ت has no puff and touches the teeth themselves.

    بِيتْbit — room

  • [thāʾ]04ثt
    You have it

    The th of “think”, in classical Arabic. In Darija it is almost always a plain t: tlata.

    ثْلَاثَةtlata — three

  • [jīm]05جj
    You have it

    In Darija it is the s of “measure”, not the j of “jam”. The sound is yours; the spelling is what misleads.

    جُوجْjuj — two

  • [ḥāʾ]06ح7
    New sound

    Not your h. A breath pushed through a tightened throat, like fogging a window while bearing down. Your h is ه, another letter.

    حُوتْ7ut — fish

  • [khāʾ]07خkh
    New sound

    The ch of Scottish “loch”: a rasp at the back of the mouth. A Spanish speaker has it for free. You will need practice.

    خُبْزْkhobz — bread

  • [dāl]08دd
    You have it

    Your d, with the tongue a touch further forward, on the teeth.

    دَارْdar — house

  • [dhāl]09ذd
    You have it

    The th of “this”, in classical Arabic. In Darija it is almost always a plain d: dib.

    ذِيبْdib — wolf

  • [rāʾ]10رr
    Watch out

    Your r never touches the roof of the mouth. This one does: it is the quick tap in the middle of “butter”.

    رَاسْras — head

  • [zāy]11زz
    You have it

    The z of “zoo”. Nothing to fix.

    زِينْzin — beautiful, good

  • [sīn]12سs
    You have it

    Always s, never the z you hear in “rose”. Between vowels too.

    سُوقْsuq — market

  • [shīn]13شsh
    You have it

    The sh of “ship”, exactly.

    شَمْسْshems — sun

  • [ṣād]14صs
    New sound

    An s said with the tongue pulled back and the mouth hollow. The vowel beside it darkens. sif with ص is summer; with س, it is sword.

    صِيفْsif — summer

  • [ḍād]15ضd
    New sound

    The heavy d. Tongue back, mouth hollow, as with ص. The vowels around it darken too.

    بِيضَةbida — egg

  • [ṭāʾ]16طt
    New sound

    The heavy t. Same hollow mouth as ص, and no puff of air, which you will have to hold back.

    طْرِيقْtriq — road, way

  • [ẓāʾ]17ظd
    New sound

    In classical Arabic a heavy th of “this”. In Darija it merges with ض: a heavy d.

    ظْلَامْdlam — darkness

  • [ʿayn]18ع3
    New sound

    Not a vowel and not a pause. The throat tightens as for ح, but with voice. Nobody gets it right on day one.

    عِينْ3in — eye

  • [ghayn]19غgh
    New sound

    The French r of “Paris”: a voiced rasp at the back of the mouth. Think of a soft gargle.

    غَدَّاghedda — tomorrow

  • [fāʾ]20فf
    You have it

    Your f. Nothing to fix.

    فُمّْfomm — mouth

  • [qāf]21قq
    New sound

    A k made much further back, where you would gargle. Swap it for k and qelb, heart, turns into kelb, dog.

    قَلْبْqelb — heart

  • [kāf]22كk
    You have it

    Your k, minus the puff of air that follows it in “kite”.

    كَاسْkas — glass

  • [lām]23لl
    Watch out

    Keep it light, like the l of “leaf”, even at the end of a word. The dark l of “feel” is not this.

    لِيلْlil — night

  • [mīm]24مm
    You have it

    Your m. Nothing to fix.

    مَاكْلَةmakla — food

  • [nūn]25نn
    You have it

    Your n. Nothing to fix.

    نْهَارْnhar — day

  • [hāʾ]26هh
    You have it

    The h of “house”. The difference is that it is said everywhere, even before a consonant or at the end of a word.

    هْنَاhna — here

  • [wāw]27وw
    You have it

    The w of “wet”. It also writes a long u.

    وَلْدْweld — boy, son

  • [yāʾ]28يy
    You have it

    The y of “yes”. It also writes a long i.

    لْيُومْlyum — today

  • [gāf]ڭg
    You have it

    The g of “go”. Classical Arabic has no letter for it, so Morocco added one.

    ڭَاعْga3 — all, at all

Plus one letter Morocco added: ڭ, for the g of Darija.

Level A1, lesson by lesson

Eighteen lessons. Each one has the words, one piece of grammar, a real-looking text and five exercises.

  1. 01Greeting without a verbArriving, “How are you?”, Introductions, LeavingA1
  2. 02The l that disappearsThe home, Rooms, Getting in and up, Furniture, What the rent includesA1
  3. 03Every noun is he or shePeople, Mr and Mrs, The people near you, Jobs, in pairs, The building and the streetA1
  4. 04The house the whiteColors, Size and age, Good, nice, and what it costs, Hot and cold, Two things to wearA1
  5. 05This glass, that tableOn the table, Drinks and the rest, Getting servedA1
  6. 06Asking without “do”Asking nicely, Thanks, and the answer, Yes, no, okay, The question wordA1
  7. 07Where is the stationIn town, Getting there, The answerA1
  8. 08Counting at the stallOne to five, Six to ten, At the stall, A little, a lotA1
  9. 09Having without a verbParents and grandparents, Brothers, sisters, children, Husband and wife, HavingA1
  10. 10The bag of mineWhat you carry, What you wear, Whose, Lost and foundA1
  11. 11Two ways to say noLiking, Wanting and refusing, Passing judgement, Things to have an opinion onA1
  12. 12Six small words for whereGetting around, Places, Near and farA1
  13. 13What there is on your streetThe street, Shops and services, Exactly where, How much there isA1
  14. 14Two plurals, chosen by who is in the roomTrades, Women at work, Work, How many, how goodA1
  15. 15Mouse, mice; tbsil, tbaselOn the table, In the tajine, In the kitchenA1
  16. 16The verb that starts with whoGetting going, The working day, Evening, WhenA1
  17. 17Five and twenty dirhamsMoney, The price, Paying, AgeA1
  18. 18Quarter to sixThe week, Calendar words, At the stationA1

Sugar and alcohol

Both are Arabic. Both started with the article ال glued to the front. So why did alcohol keep its al- and sugar lose it entirely?

Fourteen Arabic letters swallow the l of the article — sun letters — and fourteen leave it: moon letters. Every al- word English kept is a moon-letter word. You have the vocabulary; the rule got sanded off on the way.

  • الكُحْلalcoholmoon
  • الجَبْرalgebramoon
  • الكِيمِيَاءalchemymoon
  • المَنَاخalmanacmoon
  • السُّكَّرsugarsun
  • الصِّفْرcipher · zerosun
  • القُطْنcottonsun
  • الزَّعْفَرَانsaffronsun
Sun — the l vanishes and the next consonant doubles. English kept none of these with their al-. Moon — the l is pronounced. These are the ones English kept whole.

The A1 book

Everything on this site, and the other 51 exercises

The web keeps the explanations free, for good. The book is what pays for them: all 18 lessons of A1 in one PDF, laid out to print or to work on screen.

  • All 90 exercises, five per lesson, with the answer key.
  • The full A1 vocabulary, by lesson and by topic.
  • A QR code on every word list that opens its audio here.

In preparation

Write and I will tell you the day it is out. One email, no list.